What Is a Wealth Tax?

During the 2020 election, the immense and increasing disparity in wealth in the United States prompted politicians such as Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) and Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) to propose a wealth tax, in addition to the income tax. In March 2021, Warren introduced S.510, a revised version of her earlier proposal, to impose a tax on the net worth of very wealthy individuals. Although the first version failed, a new version of her proposal was introduced in 2024.

Understanding Wealth Taxes

A wealth tax, also called capital tax or equity tax, is imposed on the wealth possessed by individuals. The tax usually applies to a person’s net worth, which is assets minus liabilities. These assets include (but are not limited to) cash, bank deposits, shares, fixed assets, personal cars, real property, pension plans, money funds, owner-occupied housing, and trusts.

An ad valorem tax on real estate and an intangible tax on financial assets are both examples of a wealth tax.1 Generally, countries that impose wealth taxes also impose income and other taxes.

Only four Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries currently levy a net wealth tax: France, Norway, Spain, and Switzerland.2 Previously, in the early 1990s, 12 countries reportedly imposed a wealth tax, indicating that the popularity of this form of taxation is diminishing.3

In the United States, federal and state governments do not impose wealth taxes. Instead, the U.S. imposes annual income and property taxes. However, some consider property tax a form of wealth tax, as the government taxes the same asset year after year. The U.S. also imposes an estate tax on the death of individuals owning high-value estates.4

However, that levy represents a relatively insignificant contribution to U.S. tax receipts. For example, in 2020 the total collections from gift and estate taxes were equivalent to only 0.1% of U.S. GDP.5

Examples of a Wealth Tax

In effect, a wealth tax impacts the net value of the assets accumulated over time and owned by a taxpayer as of the end of each tax year. An income tax impacts the flow of the additions in value that a taxpayer realizes, whether as earnings, investment returns such as interest, dividends, or rents, and/or profits on disposition of assets during the year.

Let’s look at an example of how the wealth tax differs from income tax. Assume a single taxpayer earns $120,000 annually and falls in the 24% tax bracket. That individual’s liability for the year will be 24% × $120,000 = $28,800. What is the tax liability if the government taxes wealth instead of income? If the taxpayer’s assessed net worth is $450,000 and the wealth tax is 24%, then the tax debt for the year will be 24% × $450,000 = $108,000.

In reality, annual wealth tax rates are significantly lower than annual income tax rates. In France, for example, the wealth tax used to apply to total worldwide assets.6 As of 2023, however, it only applied to real estate assets worth more than €1.3 million ($1,400,000). If the value of those assets is greater than €1.3 million, the calculation of wealth tax starts at €800,000.6

Assets between €800,000 and €1,300,000 are subject to a 0.5% tax. Rates continue to rise at graduated thresholds—0.7%, 1%, 1.25%—until, finally, real estate assets over €10,000,000 are taxed at 1.5%. A wealth tax cap limits total taxes to 75% of income.76

Sen. Warren’s Wealth Tax Proposal

Here’s Sen. Warren’s original 2021 proposal, which was to take effect in the 2023 tax year:

• Taxpayers subject to the wealth tax: those whose net assets (i.e., assets minus debt) are valued at over $50 million, based on their 2022 valuation.
• Tax rate: 2% on net assets valued over $50 million and up to $1 billion; 3% on net assets in excess of $1 billion.
• Assets subject to tax: all types of assets—anything that the wealthy person owns, including stock, real estate, boats, art, and more.
• Revenue effect: S.510 is estimated to raise up to $3 trillion over 10 years and to apply to approximately 100,000 households.8

Upon introduction, the bill had seven Senate co-sponsors: Sens. Kirsten Gillibrand, Mazie Hirono, Edward Markey, Jeff Merkley, Bernie Sanders, Brian Schatz, and Sheldon Whitehouse. An eighth senator, Alex Padilla, later became another co-sponsor. Two House co-sponsors, Reps. Brenda F. Boyle and Pramila Jayapal, supported a companion bill in that chamber.

Although the bill died in committee after the second reading, Sen. Warren re-introduced her wealth tax legislation, with nearly identical proposals, in March 2024. Reps. Boyle and Jayapal sponsored equivalent legislation in the House of Representatives.9810

Pros and Cons of a Wealth Tax

Proponents of wealth taxes believe this type of tax is more equitable than an income tax alone, particularly in societies with significant wealth disparity. They believe that a system that raises government revenue from both the income and the net assets of taxpayers promotes fairness and equality by taking into account taxpayers’ overall economic status, and thus, their ability to pay tax.

Critics allege that wealth taxes discourage the accumulation of wealth, which they contend drives economic growth. They also emphasize that wealth taxes are difficult to administer.

Administration and enforcement of a wealth tax present challenges not typically entailed in income taxes. The difficulty of determining the fair market value of assets that lack publicly available prices leads to valuation disputes between taxpayers and tax authorities. Uncertainty about valuation also could tempt some wealthy individuals to try tax evasion.

Illiquid assets present another issue for a wealth tax. Owners of significant illiquid assets may lack ready cash to pay their wealth tax liability. This creates a problem for people who have low incomes and low liquid savings but own a high-value, illiquid asset, such as a home. Similarly, a farmer who earns little but owns land with a high value may have trouble coming up with the money to pay a wealth tax.

Some accommodations may be feasible to address administrative and cash flow issues—for example, allowing tax payments to be spread over a period of years or creating special treatment for specific asset categories such as business assets. However, exceptions could undermine the purpose that many attach to a wealth tax: structuring the overall tax system to make all taxpayers pay their fair share.

The Bottom Line

A wealth tax is a levy on the total value of a person’s assets, as opposed to taxes on their income, real estate, or asset sales. Wealth taxes have been implemented in some European countries, and proposed by U.S. politicians as a way of moderating extreme wealth inequality.